![]() ![]() Parkman et al., 1996 Stanney et al., 2003 Klosterhalfen et al., 2005). Of the studies that do exist, generally only a few variables were considered at one time rather than examining across a large number of potential drivers (c.f. Researchers have yet to identify which of these factors are the primary drivers of susceptibility differences between the genders. Further, in immersive environments, there are many individual factors that could contribute to gender differences, including previous experience with virtual motion, field of view (FOV), IPD, field dependence, postural stability, female hormonal cycle, state/trait anxiety, migraine susceptibility, ethnicity, aerobic fitness, body mass index, among others (see Tables 1, 2). Yet when Lawson (2014) reviewed 46 studies examining gender differences in motion sickness, he reported that only 26/46 (56.5%) found higher levels of susceptibility in females as compared to males. (on planes 2000) all found females more susceptible to motion sickness as compared to males across diverse motion platforms. (in VR 2003) Turner and Griffin (in automobiles 1999), and Turner et al. ![]() (in VR 2017) Park and Hu (in a rotating drum 1999), Stanney et al. (at sea 1997), Kaplan (on trains 1964), Lawther and Griffin (at sea 1986 sea, 1988), Lederer and Kidera (on planes 1954), Lentz and Collins (general susceptibility 1977), Munafo et al. In general, those who have studied cybersickness (i.e., the motion sickness associated with VR exposure) and other forms of motion sickness oftentimes report that females are more susceptible than males. VR displays may need to be redesigned to have a wider IPD adjustable range in order to reduce cybersickness rates, especially among females. Taken together, the results suggest that gender differences in cybersickness may be largely contingent on whether or not the VR display can be fit to the IPD of the user with a substantially greater proportion of females unable to achieve a good fit. A follow-on experiment demonstrated that when females could properly fit their IPD to the VR headset, they experienced cybersickness in a manner similar to males, with high cybersickness immediately upon cessation of VR exposure but recovery within 1 h post exposure. Females whose IPD could not be properly fit to the VR headset and had a high motion sickness history suffered the most cybersickness and did not fully recover within 1 h post exposure. Interpupillary distance (IPD) non-fit was found to be the primary driver of gender differences in cybersickness, with motion sickness susceptibility identified as a secondary driver. Cybersickness was measured via the simulator sickness questionnaire and physiological sensor data. In the first experiment, individual factors that may contribute to cybersickness were assessed via self-report, body measurements, and surveys. Two experiments were conducted in which males and females were exposed for 20 min to a virtual rollercoaster. As there are many individual factors that could contribute to gender differences, understanding the biggest drivers could help point to solutions. In general, those who have studied cybersickness (i.e., motion sickness associated with virtual reality exposure), oftentimes report that females are more susceptible than males. The aim of this study was to assess what drives gender-based differences in the experience of cybersickness within virtual environments. 2Lockheed Martin Corporate, Washington, DC, United States.1Design Interactive, Inc., Orlando, FL, United States. ![]() Kay Stanney 1 *, Cali Fidopiastis 1 and Linda Foster 2
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